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The "Round square copula" is a common example of the Dual Copula Strategy used in reference to the problem of nonexistent objects as well as their relation to problems in modern philosophy of language. The issue arose, most notably, between the theories of Alexius Meinong, Bertrand Russell - Gilbert Ryle playing a minor part as well in the eventual dismissal of Meinong's object theory (see Meinong's 1904 book, ''Theory of Objects''). ==Round Square Theory== The strategy employed is the Dual Copula Strategy, which is used to make a distinction between relations of properties and individuals. It entails creating a sentence that isn't supposed to make sense by forcing the term "is" into ambiguous meaning. By borrowing Edward Zalta's notational method (''Fb'' stands for ''b exemplifies'' the property of being ''F''; ''bF'' stands for ''b encodes'' the property of being ''F''), and using a revised version of Meinongian object theory which makes use of a dual copula distinction (''MOTdc''), we can say that the object called "the round square" encodes the property of being round, the property of being square, all properties implied by these, and no others. But it is true that there are also infinitely many properties being exemplified by an object called the round square (and, really, any object) - e.g. the property of not being a computer, and the property of not being a pyramid. Note that this strategy has forced "is" to abandon its predicative use, and now functions abstractly. When one now analyzes the round square copula using the ''MOTdc'', one will find that it now avoids the three common paradoxes: (1) The violation of the law of contradiction, (2) The paradox of claiming the property of existence without actually existing, and (3) producing counterintuitive consequences. Firstly, the ''MOTdc'' shows that the round square does not exemplify the property of being round, but the property of being round and square. Thus, there is no subsequent contradiction. Secondly, it avoids the conflict of existence/non-existence by claiming non-physical existence: by the ''MOTdc'', it can only be said that the round square simply does not exemplify the property of occupying a region in space. Finally, the ''MOTdc'' avoids counterintuitive consequences (like a 'thing' having the property of nonexistence) by stressing that the round square copula can be said merely to encode the property of being round and square, not actually exemplifying it. Thus, logically, it does ''not'' belong to any set or class. In the end, what the ''MOTdc'' really does is created a kind of object: a nonexistent object that is very different from the objects we might normally think of. Occasionally, references to this notion, while obscure, may be called "Meinongian objects." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Round square copula」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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